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    4.

    Yeast is not included in protozoans but in fungi because

    A

    Yeast are multicellular, like other fungi, while protozoans are unicellular.

    B

    Yeast have a cell wall and obtain nutrients through absorption, characteristics of fungi, while protozoans lack a cell wall and typically ingest food.

    C

    Yeast are autotrophic, unlike protozoans which are heterotrophic.

    D

    Yeast reproduce sexually, while protozoans reproduce asexually.

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    5.

    Certain fungi exhibit a unique phenomenon called heterokaryosis. Which statement BEST describes its significance?

    A

    It represents a diploid stage in the fungal life cycle, crucial for sexual reproduction.

    B

    It results in the formation of dikaryotic hyphae, ensuring genetic uniformity within the mycelium.

    C

    It allows for the coexistence of genetically different nuclei within a single mycelium, potentially leading to novel genetic combinations.

    D

    It triggers the formation of resistant spores, aiding in survival under unfavorable conditions.

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    9.

    Pinus seeds struggle to germinate and establish themselves in the absence of a fungal partner. Why is this the case?

    A

    Its seeds require mycorrhizae for essential nutrient absorption.

    B

    Its seeds need specific light wavelengths provided by the fungus.

    C

    The fungus produces growth hormones necessary for seed germination.

    D

    The fungus protects the seeds from pathogenic soil microbes.

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