The Question is from neet-botany mineral-nutrition , and it was created by the author NISHANTH

Question

Which specific flavonoid is known to induce *nod* gene expression in *Rhizobium leguminosarum* when establishing symbiosis with pea plants?

NISHANTH · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: D
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Plant-microbe interactions, specifically the role of flavonoids in initiating nodulation in legumes.
 **Related Topics**: Rhizobium symbiosis, nod factor signaling, legume root nodule formation, flavonoid biosynthesis.
 **Prerequisites**: Basic understanding of plant-microbe interactions, knowledge of flavonoids as signaling molecules.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
The question asks about the specific flavonoid that induces *nod* gene expression in *Rhizobium leguminosarum* during symbiosis with pea plants.
**Method & Steps**:
1. Understanding the role of flavonoids in nodulation:
  Reasoning:  Flavonoids secreted by legume roots act as signaling molecules, triggering the expression of *nod* genes in compatible rhizobia.  *Nod* genes are responsible for the production of Nod factors, which are essential for nodule formation.
  Formula/Rule: No specific formula is applicable here.
2. Identifying the specific flavonoid for *Rhizobium leguminosarum* and pea plants:
  Working: Research indicates that luteolin is a key flavonoid involved in initiating nodulation in *Rhizobium leguminosarum* – pea symbiosis.  While other flavonoids might play roles, luteolin is specifically known to induce *nod* gene expression in this particular interaction.
  Key Point: The specificity of the flavonoid-rhizobia interaction is crucial. Different legume species and rhizobial strains may respond to different flavonoids.
3. Selecting the correct option:
  Result: Luteolin (option D) is the correct answer.
  Verification: The answer can be verified through literature searches on the topic of legume-rhizobia symbiosis and the role of flavonoids, specifically in the *Rhizobium leguminosarum* - pea interaction.
## OPTION ANALYSIS
A :x: Naringenin is involved in other plant-microbe interactions but isn't the primary inducer for *nod* genes in this specific case.
B :x: Apigenin, like naringenin, plays a role in plant-microbe interactions, but not as the primary inducer for *nod* gene expression in this specific rhizobium-legume interaction.
C :x: Kaempferol is another flavonoid with various biological activities, but not the primary one known to induce *nod* gene expression in this system.
D ✓: Luteolin is the correct answer, well-established in the literature as an inducer of *nod* genes in *Rhizobium leguminosarum* during symbiosis with pea plants.
## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**:
  1.Assuming all flavonoids have the same effect on nodulation: Different flavonoids have different effects on different rhizobia.
  How to avoid: Carefully consider the specific legume-rhizobia interaction being studied.
  2.Overgeneralizing from one legume-rhizobia system to another: The specific flavonoid involved can vary.
  How to avoid: Consult research specific to the *Rhizobium leguminosarum* - pea interaction.
 **Quick Tips**:
  1.Focus on the specific legume and rhizobium species mentioned in the question.
  2.Remember that flavonoids act as signaling molecules, initiating a cascade of events leading to nodulation.

NISHANTH · Answer

Naringenin

NISHANTH · Answer

Apigenin

NISHANTH · Answer

Kaempferol

NISHANTH · Answer

The correct Option is "Luteolin"

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