${\psi _w} = {\psi _s} - {\psi _p}$

${\psi _s} = {\psi _w} + {\psi _p}$

${\psi _w} = {\psi _s} + {\psi _p}$

${\psi _p} = {\psi _w} + {\psi _s}$

    Movement of water is expressed in terms of free energy

    Free energy determines the direction by which physical and chemical changes should occur

Water potential is the sum of free energy of water molecules in pure water and in any other system

    Water potential of pure water is zero

    Equal to the value of osmotic potential

    Equal to the value of pressure potential

    Greater than the value of its osmotic potential

    Equal to zero

$A o B o C$

$C o B o A$

$A o C o B$

$B o C o A$

Water potential

Osmotic potential

Gravity potential

Pressure potential

High temperature, low humidity, high wind speed, open stomata

Low temperature, high humidity, low wind speed, open stomata

High temperature, high humidity, high wind speed, closed stomata

Low temperature, low humidity, low wind speed, closed stomata

The amount of water moving through a plant stem.

The difference in water potential between two locations divided by the distance between them.

The pressure exerted on cell walls by the central vacuole.

The rate of transpiration from plant leaves.

Increases the concentration of the solution

Increases the boiling point of the solution

May increase the conductivity of the solution

Decreases the amount of solvent

Wall pressure

Osmotic pressure

Turgor pressure

Water potential

Zero

Positive

Both 1 and 2

Negative

A to B to C

A to C to B

B to A to C

C to B to A