2

4

6

8

Copper nitrate

Nitrogen dioxide

Water

Hydrogen

Two P-H bonds

Presence of one -OH group

Low oxidation state of phosphorus

Presence of phosphorus in +1 oxidation state

+2

-2

0

+4

${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_4}{\rm{Cl}}$

${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_4}{\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_3}$

${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_4}{\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_2}$

${\left( {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_4}} \right)_2}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4}$

${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_3}$ is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electron occupies spherical s-orbital and is less directional

${\rm{P}}{{\rm{H}}_3}$ is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electron occupies $s{p^3}$orbital and is more directional

${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_3}$ is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electron occupies $s{p^3}$orbital and more directional

${\rm{P}}{{\rm{H}}_3}$ is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electron occupies spherical s-orbital and is less directional

$Ca{C_2} + CaC{N_2}$

$Ca{C_2} + C{a_3}{P_2}$

$Ca{C_2} + CaC{O_3}$

$C{a_3}{P_2} + CaC{N_2}$

$[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$

$[CuCl_4]^{2-}$

$[Cu(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$

$Cu(OH)_2$

$CH_3CH_2COOH > CH_3COOH > HCOOH$

$HCOOH > CH_3COOH > CH_3CH_2COOH$

$CH_3COOH > HCOOH > CH_3CH_2COOH$

$CH_3CH_2COOH > HCOOH > CH_3COOH$

(a) and (b) only

(b) and (c) only

(a) and (c) only

(a), (b) and (c)

HNO3, NO, N2H4, NH3

NO, HNO3, N2H4, NH3

NH3, N2H4, NO, HNO3

HNO3, NO, NH3, N2H4