Chloride ions move out of red blood cells as bicarbonate ions diffuse in.

Chloride ions move into red blood cells to maintain electroneutrality as bicarbonate ions diffuse out.

Chloride ions and bicarbonate ions move in the same direction across the red blood cell membrane.

Chloride shift occurs primarily in the plasma, not within red blood cells.

Increased $CO_2$ and increased pH increase haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Decreased $CO_2$ and decreased pH decrease haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Increased $CO_2$ and decreased pH decrease haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Decreased $CO_2$ and increased pH increase haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Oxygen

Ammonia

I, II, and V

I, III, and VI

II, IV, and V

III, IV, and VI

Trachea

Bronchi

Alveoli

Larynx

Two molecules of ${O_2}$

Three molecules of ${O_2}$

Four molecules of ${O_2}$

One molecules of ${O_2}$

from external nostrils up to the alveoli

from external to initial bronchioles

alveoli and duct of alveoli

from trachea to terminal bronchioles

Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli

Endothelium of alveolar capillaries

Basement substance in between the two mentioned above

All of the above

Anabolism

Catabolism

Building up of carbohydrates

Building up of proteins

A-expiration; B-osmosis

A-expiration; B-inspiration

A-inspiration; B-expiration

A-inspiration; B-diffusion

45 mm Hg

95 mm Hg

104 mm Hg

110 mm Hg