The Question is from neet-zoology strategies-for-enhancement-in-food-production , and it was created by the author BALASOURY

Question

Which technique is NOT typically used for the introduction of foreign DNA into plant cells during genetic transformation?

BALASOURY · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: C
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Plant genetic transformation techniques
 **Related Topics**:  Agrobacterium, biolistic gene gun, electroporation, protoplast fusion, genetic engineering
 **Prerequisites**: Basic understanding of plant cell structure and DNA manipulation.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
The question asks to identify the technique NOT used for introducing foreign DNA into plant cells.
**Method & Steps**:
1. Analyze each option to determine its typical use in plant transformation.
 Reasoning: We need to evaluate each method's mechanism and applicability in plant genetic transformation.
 Formula/Rule: N/A
2. Identify the method that doesn't align with standard plant transformation protocols.
 Working: Let's examine each option:
  a. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation: Uses the bacterium *Agrobacterium tumefaciens* to transfer DNA into plant cells. This is a widely used and effective method.
  b. Biolistic gene gun method: Delivers DNA-coated microprojectiles into plant cells using high-velocity particles.  This is another common technique.
  c. Electroporation using high-frequency sound waves: Electroporation utilizes electrical pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing DNA entry.  High-frequency sound waves are associated with sonication, which is used for cell lysis or disruption, not for introducing DNA directly.
  d. Protoplast fusion: Involves fusing plant protoplasts (cells without cell walls) with genetically modified protoplasts, thereby transferring genetic material. This is a viable method.
 Key Point:  The key is to understand the mechanisms of each method and how they facilitate DNA uptake by plant cells.
3. Determine the incorrect option.
 Result: Option C, electroporation using high-frequency sound waves, is not a standard technique for plant transformation.  Electroporation uses electrical pulses, not sound waves.
 Verification:  Standard plant transformation protocols do not involve high-frequency sound waves for DNA introduction.  The other options are established methods.
## OPTION ANALYSIS
A ✓: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a common and effective method for plant transformation.
B :x: Biolistic gene gun is another widely used method for plant transformation.
C :x: Electroporation uses electrical pulses, not high-frequency sound waves, to introduce DNA.  High-frequency sound waves are not typically used for DNA introduction into plant cells.
D :x: Protoplast fusion is a valid technique for plant transformation.
## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**: 
  1. Confusing electroporation with sonication: Electroporation uses electric pulses, while sonication uses sound waves for cell disruption.
   How to avoid: Understand the distinct mechanisms of electroporation and sonication.
  2. Overlooking the specific details of each technique:  Each method has its own unique mechanism and application.
   How to avoid: Carefully read and comprehend the description of each method.
 **Quick Tips**:
  1. Focus on the mechanism of DNA introduction for each technique.
  2. Remember that high-frequency sound waves are typically used for cell disruption, not DNA introduction.

BALASOURY · Answer

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

BALASOURY · Answer

Biolistic gene gun method

BALASOURY · Answer

The correct Option is "Electroporation using high-frequency sound waves"

BALASOURY · Answer

Protoplast fusion with genetically modified protoplasts

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