Relieving torsional stress

Preventing supercoiling

Untangling DNA strands

Synthesizing RNA primers

$5386\,\,bp$

$48502\,\,bp$

$4.6 imes {10^6}bp$

$3.3 imes {10^9}bp$

$5386\,\,bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$48502\,\,bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$4.6 imes {10^6}bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$3.3 imes {10^9}bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$5386\,\,bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$48502\,\,bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$4.6 imes {10^6}bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$

$3.3 imes {10^9}bp imes 3.4\,\,{A^0}$