The Question is from neet-botany plant-kingdom bryopsida, and it was created by the author Mr. NARESH KUMAR K

Question

In *Funaria*, the dehiscence of the antheridium is facilitated by the hygroscopic action of which specialized cells?

Mr. NARESH KUMAR K · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: A
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
	**Primary Concept**: Plant Reproduction in Bryophytes (specifically, antheridium dehiscence in *Funaria*)
	**Related Topics**: Bryophyte morphology, Hygroscopic movement, Sexual reproduction in plants
	**Prerequisites**: Basic understanding of plant reproductive structures and the concept of hygroscopic movement.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
	The question asks about the cells responsible for the dehiscence (opening) of the antheridium in *Funaria*.
	It specifies that the mechanism involves hygroscopic action (movement in response to changes in humidity).
**Method & Steps**:
	1. Recall the structure of the *Funaria* antheridium: It's a club-shaped structure containing numerous antherozoids (male gametes).
		Reasoning: Understanding the antheridium's structure is crucial to identify the cells involved in its opening.
	2. Identify the cells at the apex of the antheridium that are sensitive to humidity:
		Working: These are the opercular cells, which form a lid-like structure.
		Key Point:  When the environment is moist, the opercular cells absorb water, swell, and eventually rupture, releasing the antherozoids.
	3. Understand the role of hygroscopic movement:
		Result: The hygroscopic nature of the opercular cells allows them to respond to changes in humidity and facilitate the release of antherozoids at the appropriate time, usually when there's enough moisture for the antherozoids to swim to the archegonium (female reproductive structure).
		Verification: This mechanism ensures successful fertilization in *Funaria*.
## OPTION ANALYSIS
[A] ✓: Opercular cells: These are the specialized cells at the apex of the antheridium responsible for its dehiscence through hygroscopic movement.  They swell and rupture upon absorbing moisture, releasing the antherozoids.
[B] :x: Elater cells: Elater cells are found within the capsule (sporangium) of the *Funaria* sporophyte and aid in spore dispersal. They are not involved in antheridium dehiscence.
[C] :x: Peristome teeth: Peristome teeth are also part of the *Funaria* capsule and are involved in spore dispersal. They have no role in antheridium dehiscence.
[D] :x: Paraphyses: Paraphyses are sterile, hair-like structures found among the antheridia and archegonia. They may offer protection and provide moisture, but they are not directly involved in the dehiscence mechanism.
## LEARNING AIDS
	**Common Mistakes**:
		1. Confusing elaters and peristome teeth with opercular cells: Remember that elaters and peristome teeth are associated with spore dispersal in the sporophyte generation, while opercular cells are involved in gamete release in the gametophyte generation.
		2. Not understanding the concept of hygroscopic movement: Make sure you understand how changes in humidity cause certain cells to swell or shrink.
	**Quick Tips**:
		1.  'Operculum' means 'lid' – this can help you remember that opercular cells form a lid-like structure at the top of the antheridium.
		2.  Associate 'hygroscopic' with 'humidity' to remember that these movements are triggered by changes in moisture levels.

Mr. NARESH KUMAR K · Answer

The correct Option is "Opercular cells"

Mr. NARESH KUMAR K · Answer

Elater cells

Mr. NARESH KUMAR K · Answer

Peristome teeth

Mr. NARESH KUMAR K · Answer

Paraphyses

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