Concentration of dissolved substances

Atmospheric pressure

Gravitation

Capillarity

${\psi _w} = {\psi _s} - {\psi _p}$

${\psi _s} = {\psi _w} + {\psi _p}$

${\psi _w} = {\psi _s} + {\psi _p}$

${\psi _p} = {\psi _w} + {\psi _s}$

From lower ${\psi _w}$ to higher ${\psi _w}$

From X to Y chamber

From the chamber with -1000 kPa ${\psi _w}$ to -2000 kPa ${\psi _w}$

In both directions X \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{\buildrelextstyle\rightarrow\over {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}}}} Y

    Osmosis

Process of active transport

Process of facilitated diffusion

Process of simple diffusion

    Concentration of dissolved substances

Atmospheric pressure

Gravitation

Capillarity

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active transport

Facilitated diffusion

High temperature, low humidity, high wind speed, open stomata

Low temperature, high humidity, low wind speed, open stomata

High temperature, high humidity, high wind speed, closed stomata

Low temperature, low humidity, low wind speed, closed stomata

Apoplast

Symplast

Transmembrane

Vacuolar

    Watt

Joule

Pascal

Litre

Direction of movement of water

Concentration of Solute

Rate of movement of water

1 and 3

Lower water potential

Less chemical potential

Less free energy

All of these