1.

    The concept of 'adaptive radiation' is BEST exemplified by:

    A

    The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

    B

    The development of camouflage in a prey species.

    C

    Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands developing diverse beak shapes for different food sources.

    D

    The gradual increase in size of a particular species over generations.

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    2.

    Which observation MOST directly challenges the idea of a universally applicable โ€œmolecular clockโ€ for dating evolutionary divergence?

    A

    Fossil evidence sometimes contradicts molecular clock estimates.

    B

    Mutation rates can be influenced by environmental factors.

    C

    Different genes evolve at different rates, even within the same lineage.

    D

    Horizontal gene transfer can introduce new genes into a lineage.

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    4.

    In his groundbreaking experiment, S.L. Miller simulated early Earth conditions to synthesize organic molecules. Which gaseous mixture did he primarily use in his closed flask apparatus?

    A

    CH4CH_4, NH3NH_3, H2H_2 and water vapor

    B

    CO2CO_2, N2N_2, H2H_2 and water vapor

    C

    CH4CH_4, H2H_2, O2O_2 and water vapor

    D

    CH4CH_4, CO2CO_2, N2N_2 and water vapor

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    5.

    The concept of 'adaptive radiation' is BEST exemplified by:

    A

    The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

    B

    The development of camouflage in a prey species.

    C

    Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands developing diverse beak shapes for different food sources.

    D

    The gradual increase in size of a particular species over generations.

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    7.

    In S.L. Miller's 1953 experiment simulating early Earth conditions, he successfully synthesized organic molecules. What was the significance of this experiment in the context of the origin of life?

    A

    It demonstrated that organic molecules could be formed from inorganic molecules under abiotic conditions.

    B

    It proved that early Earth's atmosphere had very little free oxygen.

    C

    It established the role of RNA as the first genetic material.

    D

    It confirmed that early Earth's atmosphere was reducing.

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