The Question is from neet-zoology human-welfare vaccines, and it was created by the author A SUBRAMANYAM

Question

A new vaccine utilizes a genetically engineered virus-like particle (VLP) displaying a highly conserved epitope from a bacterial pathogen.  This VLP does not contain any viral genetic material. Which of the following immune responses is LEAST likely to be induced by this vaccine?

A SUBRAMANYAM · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: C
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Vaccine-induced immune responses
 **Related Topics**: Humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, antigen presentation, virus-like particles (VLPs)
 **Prerequisites**: Understanding of B cells, T cells, antibodies, and the different types of immune responses.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
  A vaccine uses a VLP displaying a bacterial epitope.
  The VLP contains no viral genetic material.
**Method & Steps**:
 1. Analyze the components of the vaccine and their effects on the immune system.
  Reasoning: VLPs are effective vaccine components because they mimic the structure of a virus without the risk of infection.  They induce an immune response primarily through the presentation of antigens to the immune system.
 2. Determine the type of immune response each option represents.
  Working:
  A: Humoral immunity (antibody production) is a primary response to VLP vaccines.  B cells recognize the epitope, become activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and produce antibodies.
  B: Activation of B cells and their differentiation into plasma cells is the mechanism behind humoral immunity.  The VLP will present the antigen and activate B cells.
  C: Cell-mediated immunity targets infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).  This response requires intracellular antigens presented by MHC class I molecules.  Since the VLP is not a virus and doesn't infect cells, intracellular antigens won't be produced, thus minimizing this response.
  D: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like dendritic cells, are crucial for initiating both humoral and cell-mediated responses. They will process and present the epitope to T cells and B cells.
 3. Identify the least likely response.
  Result: Cell-mediated immunity (option C) is the least likely response because the vaccine doesn't involve viral infection of host cells, a necessary condition for this type of response.
  Verification: The absence of viral genetic material in the VLP directly limits the potential for intracellular antigen presentation and subsequent CTL activation.
 ## OPTION ANALYSIS
A ✓: Humoral immunity, with neutralizing antibody production, is a likely outcome as the VLP presents the epitope to B cells.
B :x:  B cell activation is a key part of the humoral response, which is expected given the VLP's structure.
C :x: Cell-mediated immunity is less likely due to the absence of viral infection and intracellular antigens.
D :x: Activation of APCs is a necessary first step in any adaptive immune response to the VLP-presented epitope.
 ## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**:
  1.Confusing humoral and cell-mediated immunity: Remember that humoral immunity involves antibodies, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells targeting infected cells.
  2.Assuming VLPs always elicit only one type of immune response: VLPs primarily induce humoral immunity, but some activation of cell-mediated immunity is possible (though less likely in this case).
 **Quick Tips**:
  1.Focus on the absence of viral genetic material in the VLP. This directly limits the possibility of intracellular infection and the subsequent activation of cell-mediated immunity.
  2.Remember that VLP vaccines are designed to induce a strong humoral immune response.

A SUBRAMANYAM · Answer

Humoral immunity with the production of neutralizing antibodies.

A SUBRAMANYAM · Answer

Activation of B cells and their differentiation into plasma cells.

A SUBRAMANYAM · Answer

The correct Option is "Cell-mediated immunity targeting infected host cells."

A SUBRAMANYAM · Answer

Activation of antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells.

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