The Question is from neet-botany photosynthesis-in-higher-plants , and it was created by the author D VINOD

Question

Chemiosmatic hypothesis is based on

D VINOD · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: B
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Chemiosmotic theory
 **Related Topics**: Oxidative phosphorylation, Photophosphorylation, Electron transport chain
 **Prerequisites**: Basic understanding of membrane transport, proton gradients, and ATP synthesis.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
The question asks about the basis of the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
**Method & Steps**:
 1. Understand the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
  Reasoning: The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains how ATP is synthesized in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It proposes that ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of protons ($H^+$ ions) across a membrane.
  Formula/Rule:  No specific formula is directly applicable, but the process involves a proton motive force (PMF) which is related to both the proton gradient ($\Delta pH$) and the membrane potential ($\Delta \psi$):  $PMF = \Delta \psi - Z\Delta pH$  where Z is a constant related to the charge of the proton.
 2. Identify the key driving force.
  Working: The chemiosmotic hypothesis emphasizes the crucial role of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (in oxidative phosphorylation) or the thylakoid membrane (in photophosphorylation) in driving ATP synthesis. This proton gradient is established by the electron transport chain.
  Key Point: The energy stored in the electron transport chain is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient (higher concentration on one side of the membrane).
 3. Determine the correct option.
  Result: The chemiosmotic hypothesis is fundamentally based on the proton gradient ($H^+$ ions) that drives ATP synthesis.
  Verification: The other options are incorrect because while membrane potential plays a role in the overall process, it's the proton gradient that is the primary driving force. Accumulation of $K^+$ or $Na^+$ ions is not the central mechanism of the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
 ## OPTION ANALYSIS
[A] :x: Membrane potential contributes to the proton motive force, but it is not the primary basis of the chemiosmotic hypothesis. The proton gradient is the main driver of ATP synthesis.
[B] ✓: Proton gradient is the core of the chemiosmotic hypothesis. The movement of protons down their concentration gradient provides the energy for ATP synthase to produce ATP.
[C] :x: Accumulation of $K^+$ ions is not directly involved in the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.
[D] :x: Accumulation of $Na^+$ ions is not the central mechanism of the chemiosmotic hypothesis; it's primarily protons ($H^+$).
 ## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**:
  1.Confusing membrane potential with proton gradient: While both contribute to the proton motive force, the proton gradient is the driving force for ATP synthesis.
  2.Overlooking the role of the electron transport chain: The electron transport chain is essential for establishing the proton gradient.
 **Quick Tips**:
  1.Remember the key words: proton gradient, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase.
  2.Visualize the electron transport chain pumping protons across a membrane to create a gradient.

D VINOD · Answer

Membrane potential

D VINOD · Answer

The correct Option is "Proton gradient"

D VINOD · Answer

Accumulation of  ${K^ + }$ ions

D VINOD · Answer

accumulation of  $N{a^ + }$ ions

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