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The 'glycolate metabolism' pathway in some Chlorophyceae involves a unique organelle. Which one is it, and what is its primary function in this context?
Peroxisome; glycolate oxidation
Mitochondrion; ATP synthesis
Chloroplast; CO2 fixation
Golgi apparatus; protein modification
Certain Chlorophyceae demonstrate a unique adaptation to nitrogen-deficient environments. What specialized cellular structure enables this adaptation, and what is its primary function?
Heterocysts; nitrogen fixation
Pyrenoids; carbon fixation
Vacuoles; nutrient storage
Flagella; enhanced motility
The protein-rich storage bodies found within the chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas are crucial for survival under stressful conditions. What is the specific name for these structures, and what is their primary composition?
Pyrenoids; RuBisCO and starch
Eyespots; carotenoids and lipids
Vacuoles; water and ions
Flagella; tubulin and dynein
In Volvox, a colonial Chlorophyceae, cytoplasmic connections between cells play a crucial role in coordinating movement and other functions. What is the specific term for these connections, and what is their primary structural composition?
Plasmodesmata; cytoplasmic strands
Desmosomes; intermediate filaments
Gap junctions; connexin proteins
Tight junctions; claudin and occludin proteins
In some algae, the pyrenoids are surrounded by a sheath of starch plates. This characteristic is primarily found in:
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
Cyanobacteria
Which feature distinguishes Gnetum from other gymnosperms and aligns it more closely with angiosperms?
Absence of archegonia
Presence of vessels in the xylem
Naked ovules
Wind pollination
In a tetrasporangiate anther, the number of microspore mother cells required to produce 100 pollen grains is:
25
50
100
200
Which of the following combinations of floral characteristics is MOST likely to be associated with wind pollination?
Large, showy flowers; abundant nectar; small amounts of pollen; sticky stigma
Small, inconspicuous flowers; no nectar; large amounts of pollen; feathery stigma
Brightly colored flowers; strong fragrance; moderate amounts of pollen; tubular stigma
Large, bell-shaped flowers; copious nectar; few pollen grains; exposed stigma
In heterosporous pteridophytes, the development of the male gametophyte predominantly occurs:
Within the megaspore wall
Outside the spore wall
Partially inside and outside the spore wall
Within the microspore wall