The Question is from neet-zoology excretory-products-and-their-elimination , and it was created by the author K SUNKANNA

Question

A patient exhibits increased blood pressure and edema.  Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of renin and aldosterone, but suppressed levels of ANP.  Which of the following conditions is MOST likely responsible for this clinical presentation?

K SUNKANNA · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: C
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and its role in blood pressure regulation.
 **Related Topics**:  Fluid balance, edema, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), renal physiology.
 **Prerequisites**: Understanding of hormonal regulation of blood pressure and sodium balance.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
  Increased blood pressure and edema.
  Elevated renin and aldosterone levels.
  Suppressed ANP levels.
**Method & Steps**:
 1. Analyze the hormonal imbalances.
  Reasoning:  Elevated renin and aldosterone suggest increased RAAS activity.  Suppressed ANP indicates a lack of counter-regulatory mechanism to lower blood pressure and sodium retention.
  Formula/Rule:  No specific formula, but understanding the RAAS pathway is crucial.  RAAS leads to increased sodium and water reabsorption, increasing blood volume and pressure.
 2. Consider the conditions that could cause such hormonal changes.
  Working: Renal artery stenosis reduces blood flow to the kidneys, triggering the RAAS system to compensate.  This leads to increased renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone, causing vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention.  ANP, released by the atria in response to increased blood volume, would be suppressed because the primary issue isn't high blood volume in the atria but rather reduced renal perfusion.
  Key Point:  The key is to identify the cause of the elevated renin and aldosterone, considering the suppressed ANP as a consequence.
 3. Evaluate the options.
  Result: Renal artery stenosis fits the hormonal profile and clinical presentation. 
  Verification:  All other options do not explain the hormonal imbalance. High sodium intake or excessive water intake would increase blood volume, stimulating ANP release, not suppressing it. Atrial fibrillation could affect ANP release, but it's less likely to directly cause the observed hormonal pattern.
 ## OPTION ANALYSIS
A :x: High sodium intake increases blood pressure, but it would also stimulate ANP release, counteracting the effect. This doesn't explain the suppressed ANP.
B :x: Excessive water intake would increase blood volume and ANP release, opposite to what is observed.
C ✓: Renal artery stenosis reduces renal perfusion, activating the RAAS, leading to increased renin and aldosterone. The reduced renal perfusion prevents the atria from detecting the increased blood volume, leading to suppressed ANP.
D :x: Atrial fibrillation can affect ANP release, but it doesn't directly explain the elevated renin and aldosterone.
 ## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**:
  1.Confusing the effects of ANP with the RAAS pathway:  Remember ANP acts as an antagonist to the RAAS.
  2.Failing to consider the suppressed ANP as a consequence of the underlying condition:  The suppressed ANP is a clue, not the primary cause.
 **Quick Tips**:
  1.Focus on the hormonal imbalances to narrow down the possible diagnoses.
  2.Remember the compensatory mechanisms of the body in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis.

K SUNKANNA · Answer

High sodium intake

K SUNKANNA · Answer

Excessive water intake

K SUNKANNA · Answer

The correct Option is "Renal artery stenosis"

K SUNKANNA · Answer

Atrial fibrillation

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