The Question is from neet-zoology excretory-products-and-their-elimination , and it was created by the author K SUNKANNA

Question

Which combination of changes would MOST effectively increase the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

K SUNKANNA · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: D
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and its determinants.
 **Related Topics**: Renal physiology, Starling forces, blood pressure regulation.
 **Prerequisites**: Understanding of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, their roles in filtration.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
    The question asks about the factors affecting GFR.
    We need to consider the forces involved in glomerular filtration.
**Method & Steps**:
 1. Understand the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) equation:
  Reasoning: GFR is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure.  NFP is the difference between the forces pushing fluid out of the glomerulus and the forces pushing fluid into the glomerulus.
  Formula/Rule: $NFP = (P_{gc} - P_{bc}) - (π_{gc} - π_{bc})$
  Where:
  $P_{gc}$ = Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (pressure pushing fluid out)
  $P_{bc}$ = Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (pressure pushing fluid in)
  $π_{gc}$ = Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (pressure pulling fluid in)
  $π_{bc}$ = Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure (pressure pulling fluid out) (generally negligible)
 2. Analyze the options:
  Working: We want to maximize NFP to increase GFR.  This means increasing the pressures pushing fluid out ($P_{gc}$) and decreasing the pressures pushing fluid in ($P_{bc}$).
  Key Point:  Ignoring the oncotic pressures for simplification, as the question focuses on hydrostatic pressure.  Changes in oncotic pressure would also affect GFR, but this question emphasizes hydrostatic pressure.
 3. Identify the best option:
  Result: Option D, increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure, directly increases NFP and thus GFR.
  Verification:  Option D directly increases the positive components of the NFP equation, leading to a higher NFP and a higher GFR.
 ## OPTION ANALYSIS
A :x: Decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure will significantly decrease NFP and thus GFR.
B :x: Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure will have a smaller net effect on NFP than option D, as the increase in Bowman's capsule pressure counteracts the increase in glomerular capillary pressure.
C :x: Decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure will still have a net decrease in NFP compared to the normal state, although the decrease will be less than option A.
D ✓: Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure will maximally increase NFP and therefore GFR.
 ## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**:
  1.Ignoring the opposing forces in the NFP equation:  Failing to consider how both hydrostatic and oncotic pressures contribute to filtration.
  2.Confusing the direction of pressure effects: Misunderstanding which pressures promote filtration and which oppose it.
 **Quick Tips**:
  1.Remember that GFR is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure.
  2.Focus on the relative changes in hydrostatic pressures to determine the impact on NFP.

K SUNKANNA · Answer

Decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

K SUNKANNA · Answer

Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

K SUNKANNA · Answer

Decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

K SUNKANNA · Answer

The correct Option is "Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure"

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