The Question is from neet-botany biotechnology genetically-engineered-insulin, and it was created by the author NISHANTH

Question

What is a primary concern regarding the immunogenicity of genetically engineered insulin produced in bacterial systems, and how is this typically addressed?

NISHANTH · Accepted Answer

## CORE INFORMATION
✓ **Answer**: D
## CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 **Primary Concept**: Immunogenicity of genetically engineered proteins and purification techniques.
 **Related Topics**:  Bacterial expression systems, protein purification, endotoxins, immune response.
 **Prerequisites**: Basic understanding of immunology, protein expression, and purification methods.
## SOLUTION PATHWAY
**Given Information**:
  The question focuses on the immunogenicity of insulin produced in bacteria.
  The options present different potential concerns and solutions.
**Method & Steps**:
 1. Analyze each option to identify the most likely concern and its solution.
  Reasoning:  Consider the common challenges in bacterial protein expression and purification.
  Formula/Rule: N/A
 2. Evaluate the plausibility of each proposed solution.
  Working: Options A, B, and C describe less common or inaccurate concerns and solutions.
  Key Point: Bacterial systems lack the post-translational modifications (like glycosylation) found in eukaryotic cells. While this can affect protein function, it is less of a primary concern regarding immunogenicity compared to contaminants.
 3. Determine the most accurate and common concern and its solution.
  Result: Bacterial contaminants, particularly endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides), are a major concern in the immunogenicity of proteins produced in bacterial systems.  These are potent immunostimulants.
  Verification:  Rigorous purification methods are a standard practice in the production of therapeutic proteins to remove endotoxins and other bacterial contaminants.
 ## OPTION ANALYSIS
A :x: Altered amino acid sequence is a concern with some engineered proteins, but it's not the primary concern with insulin produced in bacteria. Humanized antibodies are not the typical solution.
B :x: Antibiotic resistance genes are a concern for the environment and potential horizontal gene transfer, but they are not directly related to the immunogenicity of the resulting protein in the recipient. Marker-free vectors are used to address this separate issue.
C :x: While lack of glycosylation can impact protein function, it's not the primary immunogenicity concern in this context. Adding glycosylation enzymes in vitro is not a standard practice for insulin production.
D ✓: Bacterial contaminants like endotoxins are a major concern, and rigorous purification is the standard method to address this. This option accurately reflects the primary concern and solution.
 ## LEARNING AIDS
 **Common Mistakes**:
  1.Confusing the lack of glycosylation with immunogenicity: Lack of glycosylation can affect protein stability and activity, but it is not the primary driver of immunogenicity in this case.
  2. Overlooking the importance of purification in biopharmaceutical production:  Purification steps are crucial for removing contaminants that can elicit immune responses.
 **Quick Tips**:
  1. Remember that endotoxins are strong immunostimulants.
  2. Focus on the common challenges in bacterial protein production and purification when answering questions about immunogenicity.

NISHANTH · Answer

A. The altered amino acid sequence of engineered insulin is highly immunogenic; humanized antibodies are co-administered.

NISHANTH · Answer

B.  The use of antibiotic resistance genes in production vectors triggers immune reactions; marker-free vectors are used.

NISHANTH · Answer

C. The lack of glycosylation in bacterially produced insulin increases its immunogenicity; glycosylation enzymes are added in vitro.

NISHANTH · Answer

The correct Option is "D. Bacterial contaminants like endotoxins can elicit immune responses; purification methods are employed to remove them."

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