Prepare for NEET Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance with MCQs & PYQs on NEET.GUIDE. Access free practice, previous year questions, and expert explanations of DNA replication and genetics.
During translation, a tRNA molecule carrying a specific amino acid recognizes the corresponding codon on the mRNA through its anticodon. A mutation occurs in the anticodon loop of a tRNA specific for alanine, changing it from 3'-CGI-5' to 3'-CCI-5'. Assuming the wobble hypothesis applies, what is the MOST LIKELY consequence of this mutation?
The tRNA will no longer recognize any codons.
The tRNA will insert glycine into the polypeptide chain instead of alanine.
The tRNA will still carry alanine but will recognize different alanine codons.
The mutation will have no effect on protein synthesis.
A researcher is studying translation in a prokaryotic cell. They introduce a modified mRNA where all the guanine nucleotides in the coding sequence are replaced with inosine. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY effect on translation?
Translation will terminate prematurely due to the presence of inosine.
The ribosome will be unable to bind to the modified mRNA.
The protein synthesized will be identical to the one produced from the unmodified mRNA.
The protein synthesized will have altered amino acid sequence due to changes in codon recognition.
During the elongation phase of translation, a new aminoacyl-tRNA enters the ribosome at which site?
E-site
P-site
A-site
Peptidyl transferase center
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
Facilitating the binding of the ribosome to mRNA
Positioning the start codon correctly for initiation
Termination of translation
Aligning the mRNA on the small ribosomal subunit
In eukaryotes, the initiation factor eIF4E specifically recognizes and binds to which structure of the mRNA?
3' poly(A) tail
Start codon
5' cap
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
A mutation in the 23S rRNA of the large ribosomal subunit affects peptidyl transferase activity. Which stage of translation is MOST directly impacted by this mutation?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
mRNA binding
The Human Genome Project utilized a hierarchical approach to sequencing. Which of the following correctly describes the 'clone-by-clone' sequencing strategy?
Large DNA fragments were directly sequenced using high-throughput methods.
Small DNA fragments were randomly sequenced and assembled computationally.
The entire genome was amplified using PCR and then sequenced in segments.
Large DNA fragments were cloned into BACs, mapped, and then subcloned into smaller vectors for sequencing.
SNPs identified by the Human Genome Project can be used for:
Predicting an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases
Tracing human history and migration patterns
Developing personalized medicine approaches
All of the above
Which ethical concern regarding the Human Genome Project is MOST directly related to potential discrimination based on genetic information?
The cost of genetic testing and its accessibility
The potential for germline gene editing
Privacy and confidentiality of genetic data
The accuracy and reliability of genetic tests
One of the surprising findings of the Human Genome Project was:
The high percentage of repetitive DNA sequences
The existence of non-coding RNA molecules
The relatively low number of protein-coding genes
The presence of mitochondrial DNA
