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NEET Questions / Zoology / Chemical Coordination and Integration
A patient presents with persistent hypercalcemia, despite normal parathyroid hormone levels. Further investigation reveals elevated levels of a peptide hormone produced by a malignancy. Which hormone is MOST likely responsible for this patient's hypercalcemia?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
Thyroxine (T4)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A mutation in the gene encoding for 11Ξ²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11Ξ²-HSD2) results in apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME). This is because:
Aldosterone production is increased.
Cortisol is not converted to cortisone in the kidney, allowing it to bind to mineralocorticoid receptors.
The kidneys become insensitive to aldosterone.
Sodium reabsorption in the kidneys is inhibited.
A rare tumor of the adrenal medulla secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines. Which physiological responses would be observed in a patient with this tumor?
Decreased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and hypoglycemia
Increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and hyperglycemia
Decreased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and hyperglycemia
Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and hypoglycemia
A patient presents with persistent hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, and central obesity. Upon examination, they are found to have elevated cortisol levels. Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause of these symptoms?
Pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH
Adrenal cortex tumor secreting cortisol
Exogenous administration of glucocorticoids
Adrenal medulla tumor secreting epinephrine
A rare genetic disorder affects the synthesis of a specific enzyme crucial for converting T4 to T3. Which of the following would be the MOST likely clinical presentation in a patient with this disorder?
Elevated TSH and T3 levels
Decreased TSH and T3 levels
Elevated TSH levels and decreased T3 levels
Decreased TSH and elevated T3 levels
Which of the following combinations of hormones are primarily responsible for the growth spurt observed during puberty?
Growth hormone and insulin
Thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids
Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and sex steroids
Glucocorticoids and sex steroids
A patient presents with stunted growth, delayed puberty, and impaired cognitive development. Hormonal analysis reveals low levels of growth hormone (GH) and other pituitary hormones. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis, considering the combined hormonal deficiencies?
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Isolated growth hormone deficiency
Panhypopituitarism
A patient presents with hyperpigmentation, hypotension, and profound fatigue. Biochemical analysis reveals hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Which specific enzymatic deficiency within the adrenal gland is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
21-hydroxylase
17Ξ±-hydroxylase
11Ξ²-hydroxylase
Aromatase
Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for the synthesis of androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal medulla
A patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate. Blood tests reveal elevated T3 and T4 levels, but TSH levels are low. A radioactive iodine uptake test shows diffuse uptake. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis, considering the specific combination of these findings?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Toxic multinodular goiter
Graves' disease
Thyroid adenoma
