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NEET Questions / Botany / Biotechnology and Its Applications
A 55-year-old male presents with progressive dyspnea, cough, and weight loss. A chest X-ray reveals bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and interstitial infiltrates. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy shows non-caseating granulomas. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Lymphoma
A patient with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis develops severe muscle cramps and weakness. ECG shows prolonged QT interval. Which electrolyte abnormality is MOST likely responsible for these findings?
Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypermagnesemia
During the production of genetically engineered human insulin, which of the following is NOT a critical step in ensuring the correct formation of disulfide bonds essential for the protein's biological activity?
Correct protein folding
Oxidation of cysteine residues
Cleavage of the proinsulin molecule
Glycosylation of the protein
A transgenic mouse expressing a human growth hormone gene exhibits gigantism. Researchers discover a second transgenic mouse line with the same human growth hormone gene construct, yet these mice show normal growth. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY explanation for this discrepancy?
The second mouse line has a mutation in the mouse growth hormone receptor gene.
The human growth hormone gene is not being transcribed in the second mouse line.
Position effect variegation due to the transgene's insertion site in the second mouse line.
The second mouse line expresses an endogenous inhibitor of human growth hormone.
Knockout mice lacking the gene for PrP (prion protein cellular form) are resistant to prion diseases. What can be directly concluded from this observation?
PrP is sufficient to cause prion diseases.
PrP is the infectious agent in prion diseases.
PrP is necessary for the development of prion diseases.
The absence of PrP enhances the immune response against prions.
A transgenic animal is created by inserting a gene for enhanced muscle growth into its genome. However, the resulting offspring show a variety of phenotypes, some with significantly enhanced muscle growth, others with moderate enhancement, and some with no change at all. Which phenomenon is MOST likely responsible for this phenotypic variation?
Incomplete penetrance of the transgene
Pleiotropic effects of the transgene
Variable transgene copy number and integration sites
Epigenetic silencing of the transgene in some individuals
A severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patient undergoes gene therapy using a retroviral vector to deliver the functional ADA gene. A potential long-term complication specifically associated with this vector type is:
Insertional mutagenesis leading to oncogenesis
Hypersensitivity reaction to the viral vector
Development of neutralizing antibodies against ADA
Rapid clearance of the vector by the immune system
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR-Cas9 are all tools used in gene editing. What is a key advantage of CRISPR-Cas9 over ZFNs and TALENs?
Higher target specificity and lower off-target effects
Easier design and implementation due to RNA-guided targeting
Ability to target multiple genes simultaneously without modification
Greater stability and longer lifespan within the target cell
Which of these is NOT a common ethical concern related to transgenic animals?
Animal welfare issues
Potential ecological risks
Increased cost of animal feed
Ethical considerations of modifying animal genomes
A researcher wants to determine if a patient has a specific bacterial infection. Which of the following molecular diagnostic techniques would be LEAST suitable for this purpose?
PCR
Northern blotting
DNA probes
Culture methods
